Charles Mingus

小簡介
Charles Mingus出生于1922年亞利桑那州的Nogales，小時候在Los Angeles生活時就開始學(xué)習(xí)音樂，十六歲時演奏貝司。跟交響樂隊(duì)的音樂家學(xué)習(xí)的五年使他在音樂上打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。四十年代早期與Louis Armstrong、Kid Ory合作，1947—1948年間Mingus為Lionel Hampton的大樂隊(duì)作曲并演奏。五十年代早期成立自己的唱片品牌，建立“Jazz Composer’s Workshop”，一個音樂家的聯(lián)盟，企圖抵制唱片工業(yè)的商業(yè)化操作。盡管他17歲時已寫了第一個音樂會作品“Half-Mast Inhibition”，但直到二十年后這個作品與其它二十一個管弦作品一起才由Gunther Schuller指揮正式錄了音。1955年在Brandeis 舉行的創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)音樂節(jié)上，Mingus結(jié)合古典和爵士的作品“Revelations”推出才確立了其最重要的爵士作曲家的地位。
Mingus從Duke Ellington、Charlie Parker、Thelonious Monk、黑人福音音樂、墨西哥民間音樂以及傳統(tǒng)爵士、二十世紀(jì)古典音樂中獲取靈感。他的杰作大都是與一些出色的即興演奏家一起完成的，諸如小號手Thad Jones、鼓手Dannie Richmond、中音薩克斯Jackie Mclean、木管樂器演奏家Eric Dolphy等。Mingus同時也為一些電影譜寫大部頭的器樂作品。Mingus作品中為人重新演繹最多的當(dāng)數(shù)“Goodbye ，Porkpie Hat”，這是個向Lester Young致敬的作品。
直到1977年年末被診斷出有一種罕見的神經(jīng)性疾病為止，Mingus一直周游于歐洲、日本、加拿大、南美洲和本國大陸。此時他只能坐在輪椅上了，去世前的一些作品后來都是錄在錄音機(jī)上的。從六十年代至其去世時，Mingus始終是站在美國音樂的前沿的。當(dāng)被問及對自己一生的自我評價時，Mingus說道：他的貝司演奏來自于刻苦的練習(xí)，而作曲的天賦則來自于上帝的恩賜。
Mingus一生獲得不少的音樂獎項(xiàng)，其中包括國家藝術(shù)基金、古根海姆基金等等，古根海姆基金的Steve Schlesinger對Charlie Mingus的藝術(shù)成就評價道：“我們期待某一天能不局限于爵士樂的范圍，承認(rèn)Charlie Mingus是最重要的美國作曲家之一”；紐約人雜志對Mingus的評價：“具有十足原創(chuàng)性的旋律、節(jié)奏和音樂結(jié)構(gòu)，他的作品堪與二十世紀(jì)西方音樂史的任何一部作品一較高下?！?
by Richard S. Ginell
Irascible, demanding, bullying, and probably a genius, Charles Mingus cut himself a uniquely iconoclastic path through jazz in the middle of the 20th century, creating a legacy that became universally lauded only after he was no longer around to bug people. As a bassist, he knew few peers, blessed with a powerful tone and pulsating sense of rhythm, capable of elevating the instrument into the front line of a band. But had he been just a string player, few would know his name today. Rather, he was the greatest bass-playing leader/composer jazz has ever known, one who always kept his ears and fingers on the pulse, spirit, spontaneity, and ferocious expressive power of jazz.
Intensely ambitious yet often earthy in expression, simultaneously radical and deeply traditional, Mingus music took elements from everything he had experienced — from gospel and blues through New Orleans jazz, swing, bop, Latin music, modern classical music, even the jazz avant-garde. His touchstone was Duke Ellington, but Mingus took the sonic blend and harmonies of Ellingtonia much further, throwing in abrasive dissonances and abrupt changes in meter and tempo, introducing tremendously exhilarating accelerations that generated a momentum of their own. While his early works were written out in a classical fashion, by the mid-50s, he had worked out a new way of getting his unconventional visions across, dictating the parts to his musicians while allowing plenty of room for the players own musical personalities and ideas. He was also a formidable pianist, fully capable of taking that role in a group — which he did in his 1961-62 bands, hiring another bassist to fill in for him.
Along the way, Mingus made a lot of enemies, causing sometimes violent confrontations on and off the bandstand. A big man physically, he used his bulk as a weapon of intimidation, and he was not above halting concerts to chew out inattentive audiences or errant sidemen, even cashiering a musician now and then on the spot. At one of his concerts in Philadelphia — and a memorial to a dead colleague at that — he broke up the show by slamming the piano lid down, nearly smashing his pianists hands, and then punched trombonist Jimmy Knepper in the mouth. For a savage physical portrait of the emotions that seethed within him, check out the photo on the cover of Duke Ellingtons Money Jungle; Mingus looks as if he is about to kill someone. But he could also be a gentle giant as his moods permitted, and that quality can be felt in some of his music.
Mingus felt the lash of racial prejudice very intensely — which, combined with the frustrations of making it in the music business on his own terms, found its outlet in music. Indeed, some of his bizarre titles were political in nature, such as Fables of Faubus (referring to the Arkansas governor who tried to keep Little Rock schools segregated), Oh Lord, Dont Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me or Remember Rockefeller at Attica. But he could also be wildly humorous, the most notorious example being If Charlie Parker Was a Gunslinger, Thered Be a Whole Lot of Dead Copycats (later shortened to Gunslinging Bird).
Born in a Nogales Army camp, Mingus was shortly thereafter taken to the Watts district of Los Angeles, where he grew up. The first music he heard was that of the church — the only music his stepmother allowed around the house — but one day, despite the threat of punishment, he tuned in Duke Ellingtons East St. Louis Toodle-Oo on his fathers crystal set, his first exposure to jazz. He tried to learn the trombone at six and then the cello, but he became fed up with incompetent teachers and ended up on the double bass by the time he reached high school. His early teachers were Red Callender and an ex-New York Philharmonic bassist named Herman Rheinschagen, and he also studied composition with Lloyd Reese. A proto-third stream composition written by Mingus in 1940-41, Half-Mast Inhibition (recorded in 1960), reveals an extraordinary timbral imagination for a teenager.
As a bass prodigy, Mingus performed with Kid Ory in Barney Bigards group in 1942 and went on the road with Louis Armstrong the following year. He would gravitate toward the R&B side of the road later in the 40s, working with the Lionel Hampton band in 1947-48, backing R&B and jazz performers, and leading ensembles in various idioms under the name Baron Von Mingus. He began to attract real national attention as a bassist for Red Norvos trio with Tal Farlow in 1950-51, and after leaving that group, he moved to New York and began working with several stellar jazz performers, including Billy Taylor, Stan Getz and Art Tatum. He was the bassist in the famous 1953 Massey Hall concert in Toronto with Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Bud Powell and Max Roach, and he briefly joined his idol Ellington, where he had the dubious distinction of being the only man Duke ever personally fired from his band.
Around this time, Mingus tried to make himself into a rallying point for the jazz community. He founded Debut Records in partnership with his then-wife Celia and Roach in 1952, seeing to it that the label recorded a wide variety of jazz from bebop to experimental music until its demise in 1957. Among Debuts most notable releases were the Massey Hall concert, an album by Miles Davis, and several Mingus sessions that traced the development of his ideas. He also contributed composed works to the Jazz Composers Workshop from 1953 to 1955, and later in 55, he founded his own Jazz Workshop repertory group that found him moving away from strict notation toward his looser, dictated manner of composing.
By 1956, with the release of Pithecanthropus Erectus (Atlantic), Mingus had clearly found himself as a composer and leader, creating pulsating, ever-shifting compendiums of jazzs past and present, feeling his way into the free jazz of the future. For the next decade, he would pour forth an extraordinary body of work for several labels, including key albums like The Clown, New Tijuana Moods, Mingus Ah Um, Blues and Roots and Oh Yeah; standards like Goodbye Pork Pie Hat, Better Git It in Your Soul, Haitian Fight Song and Wednesday Night Prayer Meeting, and extended works like Meditations on Integration and Epitaph. Through ensembles ranging in size from a quartet to an 11-piece big band, a procession of noted sidemen like Eric Dolphy, Jackie McLean, J.R. Monterose, Jimmy Knepper, Roland Kirk, Booker Ervin, and John Handy would pass, with Mingus commanding bass and volatile personality pushing his musicians further than some of them might have liked to go. The groups with the great Dolphy (heard live on Mingus at Antibes) in the early 60s might have been his most dynamic, and The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady (1963), an extended ballet for big band that captures the anguished/joyful split Mingus personality in full, passionately wild cry — may be his masterpiece.
However, Mingus obsessive efforts to free himself from the economic hazards and larceny of the music business nearly undermined his sanity in the 1960s (indeed, some of the liner notes for The Black Saint album were written by his psychologist, Dr. Edmund Pollock). He tried to compete with the Newport festivals by organizing his own Jazz Artists Guild in 1960 that purported to give musicians more control over their work, but that collapsed with the by-now-routine rancor that accompanied so many Mingus ventures. A calamitous, self-presented New York Town Hall concert in 1962; another, shorter-lived recording venture, Charles Mingus Records, in 1964-65; the failure to find a publisher for his autobiography Beneath the Underdog, and other setbacks broke his bank account and ultimately his spirit. He quit music almost entirely from 1966 until 1969, resuming performances in June 1969 only because he desperately needed money.
Financial angels in the forms of a Guggenheim Fellowship in composition, the publication of Beneath the Underdog in 1971, and the purchase of his Debut masters by Fantasy boosted Mingus spirits, and a new stimulating Columbia album Let My Children Hear Music thrust him back into public attention. By 1974, he had formed a new young quintet, anchored by his loyal drummer Dannie Richmond and featuring Jack Walrath, Don Pullen and George Adams, and more compositions came forth, including the massive, kaleidoscopic, Colombian-based Cumbia and Jazz Fusion that began its life as a film score.
Respect was growing, but time, alas, was running out, for in fall 1977, Mingus was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrigs disease), and by the following year, he was unable to play the bass. Though confined to a wheelchair, he nevertheless carried on, leading recording sessions, and receiving honors at a White House concert on June 18, 1978. His last project was a collaboration, Mingus with folk-rock singer Joni Mitchell, who wrote lyrics to Mingus music and included samples of Mingus voice on the record.
Since his death, Mingus importance and fame increased remarkably, thanks in large part to the determined efforts of Sue Mingus, his widow. A posthumous repertory group, Mingus Dynasty, was formed almost immediately after his death, and that concept was expanded in 1991 into the exciting Mingus Big Band, which has resurrected many of Mingus most challenging scores. Epitaph was finally reconstructed, performed and recorded in 1989 to general acclaim, and several box sets of portions of Mingus output have been issued by Rhino/Atlantic, Mosaic and Fantasy. Beyond re-creations, the Mingus influence can be heard on Branford Marsalis early Scenes in the City album, and especially in the big band writing of his brother Wynton. The Mingus blend of wildly colorful eclecticism solidly rooted in jazz history should serve his legacy well in a future increasingly populated by young conservatives who want to pay their respects to tradition and try something different.